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UM018809-0611 Operand Addressing
ZNEO
®
CPU Core
User Manual
27
Operand Addressing
Most ZNEO CPU instructions operate on one or two registers, or one register and one
memory address. Operands following the instruction specify which register or memory
address to use.
Example. The assembly language statement below loads one 32-bit register with data
from another:
LD R7, R8
The first operand almost always specifies the destination, and the second operand (if any)
specifies the source for the operation. In this example, the R7 register is loaded with the
value from R8 register.
There are four kinds of operand addressing, each of which is described in this chapter:
•
Immediate Data, in which the value specified by the operand is used for operation.
•
Register Addressing, in which the specified 32-bit register is used for operation.
•
Direct Memory Addressing, in which the value specified by the operand addresses a
memory location that is used for the operation. This section introduces the following
topics:
– Memory Data Size
– Resizing Data
These topics also apply to Register-Indirect memory addressing.
•
Register-Indirect Memory Addressing, in which the specified 32-bit register and
optional offset point to a memory location that is used for the operation. This section
covers the following topics specific to register-indirect addressing:
– Loading an Effective Address
– Using the Program Counter as a Base Address
– Memory Address Decrement and Increment
– Using the Stack Pointer (R15)
– Using the Frame Pointer (R14)
This chapter also describes Bit Manipulation
(see page 37) and Jump Addressing (see
page 39).
- CPU Core 1
- UM018809-0611 2
- Revision History 3
- Table of Contents 5
- List of Figures 9
- CPU Core 10
- User Manual 10
- List of Tables 11
- Manual Objectives 13
- Manual Conventions 14
- Bit Numbering 15
- Brackets 15
- Safeguards 16
- Architectural Overview 17
- Program Control 18
- Processor Block Diagram 18
- Fetch Unit 19
- Execution Unit 20
- Instruction Cycle Time 21
- Execution Cycles 22
- Control Registers 24
- Stack Pointer Overflow 25
- Flags Register (FLAGS) 25
- Carry Flag 26
- Zero Flag 26
- Sign Flag 26
- Overflow Flag 26
- Blank Flag 27
- User Flag 27
- Master Interrupt Enable Flag 27
- Condition Codes 27
- CPU Control Register (CPUCTL) 29
- Address Space 31
- Memory Map 32
- Internal Nonvolatile Memory 33
- Internal RAM 33
- I/O Memory 34
- External Memory 34
- Endianness 35
- Bus Widths 35
- LOOP: SUB R5, R7 ;Subtract 37
- ZNEO CPU Instruction Classes 38
- Operand Addressing 43
- Immediate Data 44
- Register Addressing 44
- Direct Memory Addressing 45
- Memory Data Size 46
- Resizing Data 47
- LD.UB R10, 4(R12) 48
- LD.UB R10,4(R12) 49
- Using the Stack Pointer (R15) 52
- Bit Manipulation 53
- Setting Bits (Masked OR) 54
- Testing Bits (TM and TCM) 54
- Jump Addressing 55
- 8 –128 to +127 56
- Interrupts 57
- Interrupt Processing 58
- Polled Interrupts 62
- Interrupts UM018809-0611 64
- System Exceptions 65
- Program Counter Overflow 66
- Stack Overflow 66
- Divide-by-Zero 67
- Divide Overflow 67
- Illegal Instruction 68
- Software Traps 69
- Instruction Opcodes 71
- 0000 0000 0010 dddd 73
- Unsigned/Signed extension 73
- 1111 0000 rrrr rrrr 79
- 1111 0001 rrrr rrrr 79
- 1111 0010 0011 0000 79
- Instruction Set Reference 81
- Miscellaneous Abbreviations 82
- Example Description 83
- R3=16H, R11=20H, Flag C=1 86
- R3=16H, R11=20H, Flag C=0 86
- FFFF_B032H=8BF7_47AFH 99
- FFFF_B032H=0000_0000H 99
- R7=FFFF_B023H, FFFF_B023H=FCH 99
- FFFF_B023H=00H 99
- C, Z, V, B=0 101
- R3=16H, R11=16H, Z=1, C=0 107
- Flags Z=1; C, S, V, B=0 107
- R3=16H, R11=16H, C=1 107
- Flags C, S=1; Z, V, B=0 107
- Flags C, S, B=1; Z, V=0 109
- Flags Z, B=1; C, S, V=0 109
- Flags B=1, C, S, Z, V=0 111
- FFFF_B034H=2EH 113
- R11=xxxx_xx86H 120
- R11=xxxx_xx76H 120
- FP=FFFF_B016H 139
- R11=FFFF_B02BH 139
- R4=0000_0086H, R5=8000_0053H 142
- C=1; Z, V, B=0 144
- No Operation 146
- S=1; Z, V, B=0 164
- R3=16H, R11=20H, C=0 167
- R3=16H, R11=20H, C=1 167
- S, V, B=0 181
- 1. The one-word instruction 186
- R4=FFFF_FFE5H, R5=0000_0005H 197
- Unsigned Multiply 200
- Numerics 207
- Index UM018809-0611 208
- UM018809-0611 Index 209
- Customer Support 215
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